Indefinite articles can be translated to "a, an, or one" in English. Pronoun is a word used to replace a noun that designates a person, place, thing or concept.
NominativeNominative Accusative Dative ich - I (singular) mich - me (singular) mir - me (singular) du - you (singular) dich - you (singular) dir - you (singular) er - he (singular) ihn - him (singular) ihm- him (singular) sie - she (singular) sie - her (singular) ihr- her (singular) es - it (singular) es - it (singular) ihm- it (singular) wir - we (plural) uns - us (plural) uns - us (plural) ihr - you (plural) euch- you (plural) euch- you (plural) Sie - you (formal) Sie - you (formal) Ihnen - you (formal) sie - they sie - them ihnen - them
Definite articles are the German equivalent of 'the'.
Nominative Accusative Dative Genitive Masculine der den dem des Feminine die die der der Neuter das das dem des Plural die die den der
Indefinite articles can be translated to "a, an, or one" in English.
Nominative Accusative Dative Genitive Masculine ein einen einem eines Feminine eine eine einer einer Neuter ein ein einem eines
Note that there are no plural forms for ein.
Relative pronouns introduce a relative clause which supplies information about a formerly mentioned person, place, thing or idea.
Nominative Accusative Dative Genitive Masculine der den dem dessen Feminine die die der deren Neuter das das dem dessen Plural die die denen deren
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Return to 'Hänsel und Gretel'
Return to dependent clauses
Possessive Adjectives indicate ownership.
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Possessive adjectives use the same endings as ein-words
Reflexive pronouns indicate that the subject and the object of the sentence are the same entity.
Accusative Dative mich - myself mir - myself dich - yourself (singular informal) dir - yourself (singular informal) sich - himself sich- himself sich - herself sich- herself sich - itself sich- itself uns - ourselves uns - ourselves euch- yourselves (plural) euch- yourselves (plural) sich - yourself / yourselves (formal) sich - yourself / yourselves (formal) sich - themselves sich - themselves
"img_reddot" Note that there are no nominative or genitive reflexive pronouns.
Demonstrative pronouns are used in place of personal pronouns to indicate stress or emphasis.
Nominative Accusative Dative Genitive Masculine der den dem dessen Feminine die die der deren Neuter das das dem dessen Plural die die denen deren
Interrogatives are words that begin a sentence or clause and require a response.
Nominative Accusative Dative Genitive wer - who wen - whom wem - (to/for) whom wessen - whose was - what was - what no dative form no genitive form
Dative Prepositions and Verbs The dative case is required for the objects of certain prepositions and verbs (the list below is not exhaustive).
Prepositions Verbs aus-out of, from, made of antworten- to answer außer- besides, except, out of danken- to thank bei- at, by, near, about, with folgen- to follow gegenüber- opposite, across from gefallen- to be pleasing to mit- with geho eren- to belong to nach- after, to, according to gratulieren- to congratulate seit- since (time) for (time) helfen- to help von- from, by, of (relationship) passen- to fit zu- to, at, for trauen- to trust
Accusative Prepositions The accusative case is required for the objects of certain prepositions (the list below is not exhaustive).
Prepositions bis- up to, until, as far as durch- through, by means of entlang- along für- for gegen- against ohne- without um- around wider- against, contrary to
The German cases are listed with summaries below.
Nominative Case The nominative case is the subject of the sentence; it performs the action of the verb. Accusative Case The accusative case is the object of the verb. This case is also used after accusative prepositions and some time expressions. Dative Case The dative case generally indicates the person or thing to or for whom an activity is done. This person or thing is called the indirect object. The dative case is also used after dative verbs and dative prepositions. Genitive Case The genitive case establishes a relationship between two nouns but is also used in some idiomatic expressions.
Subject-verb agreemtent requires the addition of endings on the verb stem.
present tense verb endings
singular plural ich- I -e wir -en du- you -st ihr -et er, sie, es -t Sie,sie -en simple past endings of weak verbs
singular plural ich- I -te wir -en du- you -st ihr -et er, sie, es -te Sie,sie -en simple past endings of strong verbs
singular plural ich- I - wir -en du- you -st ihr -t er, sie, es - Sie,sie -en
The present tense subjunctive II is used to express a condition or contrary to fact statement. Present tense subjuctive II verbs are formed by adding an umlaut to the a,o, and u of the simple past of monosyllabic strong verbs and modals (except for sollen and wollen). Weak verbs do not receive an umlaut. The verbs below are conjugated in third person singular (er, sie, es).
INFINITIVE SIMPLE PAST PAST PARTICIPLE present SUBJUNCTIVE II haben hatte hat gehabt hätte sein war ist gewesen wäre werden wurde ist geworden würde fahren fuhr ist gefahren führe müssen mußte hat gemußt müßte wollen wollte hat gewollt wollte machen machte hat gemacht machte spielen spielte hat gespielt spielte
Conjunctions link words, phrases, and clauses. Coordinating
conjunctions connect two independent clauses, while subordinating conjunctions connect a dependent and independent clause. In a dependent
clause, the conjugated verb appears in final position. The list below contains all coordinating conjunctions and the most common subordinating conjunctions.
COORDINATING SUBORDINATING (non exhaustive)
aber-but, however als-when,as bevor-before denn-for,because bis-until,by da-since,because oder-or damit-so that daß-that sondern-but rather ob-whether,if obgleich/obwohl-although und-and weil-because wenn-whenever,if
Der Words are listed below. They take the same endings as the definite articles.
der, die, das (the) jen- (that, those) solch- (such a) manch- (many,some) jed- (each, every) all- (all) dies- (this,these) welch- (which)
Adjective Endings are listed below in three charts. Strong declention is used with adjectives after "ein words", which include indefinite articles, possessive adjectives, and forms of the negative kein. Weak declention is used with adjectives after der words. Unpreceded declention is used with adjectives lacking a determiner.
Strong Declension
Nominative Accusative Dative Genitive Masculine -er -en -en -en Feminine -e -e -en -en Neuter -es -es -en -en Plural -en -en -en -en Weak Declension
Nominative Accusative Dative Genitive Masculine -e -en -en -en Feminine -e -e -en -en Neuter -e -e -en -en Plural -en -en -en -en Unpreceded Declension
Nominative Accusative Dative Genitive Masculine -er -en -em -en Feminine -e -e -er -er Neuter -es -es -em -en Plural -e -e -en -er